The Nucleus of Main-Belt Comet P/2010 R2 (La Sagra)

We present recent observations of main-belt comet P/2010 R2 (La Sagra) obtained using the Gemini North telescope on five nights in late 2011 and early 2013 during portions of the object's orbit when dust emission was expected to be minimal or absent. We find that P/La Sagra continues to exhibit a faint dust trail aligned with its orbit plane as late as 2011 December 31, while no activity is observed by the time of our next observations on 2013 March 3, shortly before aphelion. Using only photometry measured when the comet was observed to be inactive, we find best-fit IAU phase function parameters of H_R=18.4+/-0.2 mag and G=0.17+/-0.10, corresponding to an effective nucleus radius of r_N=0.55+/-0.05 km (assuming p_R=0.05). We revisit photometry obtained when P/La Sagra was observed to be active in 2010 using our revised determination of the object's nucleus size, finding a peak dust-to-nucleus mass ratio of M_d/M_N = (5.8+/-1.6)x10^(-4), corresponding to an estimated total peak dust mass of M_d = (5.3+/-1.5)x10^8 kg. We also compute the inferred peak total active surface area and active surface fraction for P/La Sagra, finding A_act ~ 5x10^4 m^2 and f_act ~ 0.01, respectively. Finally, we discuss P/La Sagra's upcoming perihelion passage, particularly focusing on the available opportunities to conduct follow-up observations in order to search for recurrent activity and, if recurrent activity is present, to search for changes in P/La Sagra's activity strength on successive orbit passages that should provide insights into the evolution of MBC activity over time.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures; accepted for publication in Icaru

Search for Dust Emission from (24) Themis Using the Gemini-North Telescope

We report the results of a search for a dust trail aligned with the orbit plane of the large main-belt asteroid (24) Themis, which has been reported to have water ice frost on its surface. Observations were obtained with the GMOS instrument on the Gemini-North Observatory in imaging mode, where we used a chip gap to block much of the light from the asteroid, allowing us to take long exposures while avoiding saturation by the object. No dust trail is detected within 2' of Themis to a 3-sigma limiting surface brightness magnitude of 29.7 mag/arcsec^2, as measured along the expected direction of the dust trail. Detailed consideration of dust ejection physics indicates that particles large enough to form a detectable dust trail were unlikely to be ejected as a result of sublimation from an object as large as Themis. We nonetheless demonstrate that our observations would have been capable of detecting faint dust emission as close as 20" from the object, even in a crowded star field. This approach could be used to conduct future searches for sublimation-generated dust emission from Themis or other large asteroids closer to perihelion than was done in this work. It would also be useful for deep imaging of collisionally generated dust emission from large asteroids at times when the visibility of dust features are expected to be maximized, such as during orbit plane crossings, during close approaches to the Earth, or following detected impact events.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

The Asteroid-Comet Continuum

The practical distinctions between asteroids and comets, viewed as products of accretion on either side of the snow line, are less clear-cut than previously understood. In this chapter, we discuss the numerous solar system populations which have physical and dynamical properties that conflict with any simple diagnosis of their nature and origin. Studies of these so-called "continuum" or "transition objects", which include many of the most intriguing bodies in the solar system, have implications for a broad range of scientific topics from the demise of comets and the activation of asteroids to the production of interplanetary debris and the origin of the terrestrial planet volatiles. We present an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the asteroid-comet continuum and discuss the numerous physical processes behind the activity shown by small bodies in the solar system.Comment: 34 pages, 23 figures, Chapter in press for the book Comets III, edited by K. Meech and M. Combi, University of Arizona Pres

Optical and Dynamical Characterization of Comet-Like Main-Belt Asteroid (596) Scheila

We present observations and a dynamical analysis of the comet-like main-belt object, (596) Scheila. V-band photometry obtained on UT 2010 December 12 indicates that Scheila's dust cloud has a scattering cross-section ~1.4 times larger than that of the nucleus, corresponding to a dust mass of M_d~3x10^7 kg. V-R color measurements indicate that both the nucleus and dust are redder than the Sun, with no significant color differences between the dust cloud's northern and southern plumes. We also undertake an ultimately unsuccessful search for CN emission, where we find CN and H2O production rates of Q(CN) < 9x10^23 s^-1 and Q(H2O) < 10^27 s^{-1}. Numerical simulations indicate that Scheila is dynamically stable for >100 Myr, suggesting that it is likely native to its current location. We also find that it does not belong to a dynamical asteroid family of any significance. We consider sublimation-driven scenarios that could produce the appearance of multiple plumes of dust emission, but reject them as being physically implausible. Instead, we concur with previous studies that the unusual morphology of Scheila's dust cloud is most simply explained by a single oblique impact, meaning this object is likely not a main-belt comet, but is instead the second disrupted asteroid after P/2010 A2 (LINEAR) to be discovered.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Ap